What is intense thirst?
Definition of excessive thirst (polydipsia)
A feeling of thirst that occurs occasionally, following physical exertion or in hot weather. For example, normal thirst is considered normal. In contrast, polydipsia refers to abnormal, intense, and persistent thirst that leads to water consumption often exceeding the body's usual hydration needs . It can be a sign of a pathological imbalance, such as diabetes, or a kidney, neurological, or psychological disorder.
Characteristics of intense thirst
Polydipsia is characterized by excessive water consumption, both in volume and frequency, exceeding normal physiological needs. It is often accompanied by other symptoms such as frequent urination (polyuria), unusual fatigue , or difficulty concentrating and paying attention .
These symptoms should prompt a consultation with a healthcare professional to identify the cause and propose appropriate treatment.
What are the symptoms associated with intense thirst and fatigue?
Physical signs
The main physical symptoms associated with intense thirst include a feeling of dry mouth despite good hydration, a frequent urge to urinate , especially if water consumption increases , as well as a drop in energy .
Warning signs
Persistent fatigue despite rest, as well as dizziness , pain or headaches , may indicate that the body is struggling to compensate for a state of dehydration .
Relationship between thirst and fatigue
Dehydration can lead to reduced blood circulation and tissue oxygenation, causing fatigue and general weakness. It also disrupts electrolyte balance , which is essential for nerve signal transmission and muscle contraction. Certain chronic conditions, such as diabetes or kidney disease, can also contribute to decreased energy.
What are the possible causes of intense thirst and fatigue?
Medical causes
Diabetes mellitus: l Excess glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) stimulates the kidneys to eliminate the excess sugar through urine, leading to an increase in urine volume (polyuria). Thisfluid loss will cause intense thirst (polydipsia).
A lack of insulin (type 1 diabetes), or resistance to it (type 2 diabetes), will prevent glucose from entering the cells, which will deprive them of energy and can lead to constant fatigue .
Diabetes insipidus: Diabetes insipidus stems from a problem with water regulation in the body. The body then loses a significant amount of water in the urine, which leads to rapid dehydration and significant fatigue .
Kidney diseases: In cases of kidney disease, the kidneys may lose their ability to filter blood effectively and eliminate excessive amounts of water through urine. This can cause intense thirst . The accumulation of waste products in the blood then reduces tissue oxygenation, exacerbating the fatigue associated with this thirst.
Metabolic disorders, such as hypercalcemia: an excess of calcium in the blood – hypercalcemia – impairs kidney function, increasing urine loss. It can also slow neuromuscular activity, causing fatigue, weakness, and cognitive impairment.
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
Insufficient hydration, excessive sweating , diarrhea , or vomiting can lead to a loss of water and electrolytes . This imbalance can reduce energy availability and may exacerbate physical and mental fatigue .
Psychological and neurological factors
Stress, anxiety , or certain neurological conditions can disrupt the perception of thirst and increase fatigue.
Certain medications (such as diuretics, antidepressants, or antihistamines) can increase fluid loss or cause dry mouth. A diet high in salt or sugar can also intensify the feeling of thirst.
What are the risks associated with excessive thirst and prolonged fatigue?
Physical consequences
Severe dehydration can cause a drop in blood pressure, dizziness, confusion, or heart problems due to electrolyte imbalance . Under these conditions, all physiological functions can be slowed down.
Impact on quality of life
Persistent thirst disrupts sleep , concentration, and productivity. In the long term, it can also affect memory, decision-making, and mood.
How to treat and prevent intense thirst and fatigue?
Diagnose the underlying cause
In case of abnormal thirst, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional to identify the medical cause: blood glucose tests, kidney or fluid assessments that help guide the diagnosis.
Possible treatments
To compensate for water and electrolyte losses in case of dehydration, it is advisable to consume foods or drinks containing salt and sugar (in small quantities), but in moderation of course! In the most extreme cases, rehydration solutions can be considered.
Everyday prevention
To maintain good fluid balance, it's important to adopt regular hydration routines . Drinks containing electrolytes are an excellent way to supplement our daily water intake, supporting hydration and helping to reduce fatigue. Regular relaxation time will also help manage stress and fatigue.
FAQ: Answers to frequently asked questions about intense thirst and fatigue
-
What illness can cause excessive thirst and fatigue?
Several diseases can cause excessive thirst and persistent fatigue, such as diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, kidney disorders, or hormonal imbalances (hypercalcemia, hypothyroidism). Certain infections or neurological disorders can also be the cause.
-
Why am I thirsty and tired at the same time?
Excessive thirst and fatigue can be linked to fluid or electrolyte imbalances , such as dehydration or high blood sugar. These symptoms can also result from an underlying condition that disrupts the body's energy or fluid balance, such as diabetes or kidney disease.
-
How can I tell if my thirst is due to dehydration or another cause?
If excessive thirst is accompanied by fatigue, loss of energy, or dry mouth , it may be a sign of dehydration. To confirm the cause, a medical assessment including blood glucose tests, kidney tests, or a fluid assessment can help identify whether it is dehydration or another underlying condition.
-
Can food or drinks worsen the sensation of thirst?
Yes, certain foods or drinks high in salt or simple sugars can worsen the sensation of thirst. By increasing plasma osmolarity, they stimulate brain receptors, prompting the body to drink to restore fluid balance. It is therefore best to choose low-osmotic options. Alcohol and caffeine, due to their diuretic effect, can also increase water loss.
-
Should I see a doctor if I'm drinking a lot more water than usual?
If you notice a significant increase in your water intake accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue, confusion, or frequent urination, it is advisable to consult a doctor. This could be a sign of an underlying condition, such as diabetes or an electrolyte imbalance, requiring medical diagnosis.
Bibliography
Ahmadi, L., & Goldman, M.B. (2020). Primary polydipsia: Update. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism , 34 (5), 101469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2020.101469
Sailer, C., Winzeler, B., & Christ-Crain, M. (2017). Primary polydipsia in the medical and psychiatric patient: characteristics, complications and therapy. Swiss medical weekly, 147, w14514. https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2017.14514
